Atman bzw. Atma (Sanskrit, n., आत्मन्, ātman, Pali: atta, urspr.: Lebenshauch, Atem) ist ein Begriff aus der indischen Philosophie. Er bezeichnet das individuelle Selbst, die unzerstörbare, ewige Essenz des Geistes und wird häufig als Seele übersetzt.
Inhaltsverzeichnis
1 Advaita-Vedanta
2 Upanishaden
3 Vishnuiten
4 Kritik der Atman-Lehre im Buddhismus
5 Siehe auch
6 Literatur
7 Weblinks
8 Quellen/Fußnoten
Bearbeiten Advaita-Vedanta
Nach Auffassung der Advaita-Vedanta-Philosophie ist Atman in seinem Wesenskern identisch mit dem kosmischen Selbst, Brahman („Weltseele“). Dieses „reine Bewusstsein“ ist demnach das wahre Selbst des Menschen, das bei allen Wahrnehmungen, Gedanken und Gefühlen unverändert bleibt. Da Atman und Brahman nicht als zwei, sondern als ein einziges Prinzip betrachtet werden, bezeichnet man den Advaita-Vedanta als eine monistische Philosophie.
Bearbeiten Upanishaden
Im Zeitalter der Upanishaden (750–500 v. Chr.) werden die Weltenseele Brahman und das individuelle Selbst, Atman, als Wesenseinheit begriffen, die das wahre Wesen der Welt repräsentiert. Dieses Eine werde im Kosmos als Brahman, im Einzelnen als Atman erkennbar. Als Ziel des Lebens gilt es hier, die Einheit von Atman und Brahman zu erkennen. Atman sei ständig existent und nie von der kosmischen Kraft, dem Brahman, getrennt, es verändere sich nicht. Die indogermanische Sprachwurzel von Atman ist im deutschen Wort „Atem“ wiedererkennbar (von ēt-men, siehe auch altenglisch æthm).
Bearbeiten Vishnuiten
Während Anhänger des Advaita Vedanta den Atman als identisch mit der Weltseele sehen, frei von allen Attributen, sehen andere, wie etwa Anhänger des Dvaita Vedanta, zu denen insbesondere viele Vishnuiten gehören (die Gott als Vishnu verehren) den Atman mit transzendenten Eigenschaften. Rupa Goswami, ein Schüler des wichtigen vishnuitischen Philosophen Chaitanya, beschrieb diese ausführlich in seinem Werk Bhakti-rasamrita-sindhu: Demnach besitzt der Atman sat, Sein, ewige Identität, er ist erfüllt von Bewusstheit, Wissen, cit, sowie ananda, Glückseligkeit. In Vaikuntha, der spirituellen Welt, hat er eine ewige spirituelle Form, rupa. Die Gestalt des Atman ähnelt nach dieser Auffassung der männlichen Gestalt Gottes oder Gottes Liebeskraft in weiblichen Formen wie etwa die von Radha, Sita oder Lakshmi. Hierbei handelt es sich um eine monotheistische Sicht.
Bearbeiten Kritik der Atman-Lehre im Buddhismus
Siddhartha Gautama, genannt Buddha, war ursprünglich ebenfalls von der Existenz des Atman überzeugt und versuchte dieses auf dem Wege besonders harter asketischer Praktiken aufzufinden. Im Laufe dieser Versuche kam er schließlich zur Überzeugung, dass ein solcher unzerstörbarer, ewiger Kern der Persönlichkeit nicht existiere. In dieser Erkenntnis sah er den Schlüssel zur Erlösung. Die Subjekthaftigkeit des Menschen ist nach Gautama letztendlich eine Täuschung. Die von ihm begründete Weltanschauung, die später die Bezeichnung Buddhismus erhielt, nannte ihr Gründer mithin „Anatmanvada“ (etwa: Nicht-Atman-Lehre).[1]
Bearbeiten Siehe auch
Atma Vichara (Selbst-Erforschung)
Bearbeiten Literatur
Friedrich Heiler: Die Religionen der Menschheit; Reclam, Stuttgart 19803; ISBN 3-15-010291-X
Hans Küng, Heinrich von Stietencron: Hinduismus; Gütersloher Verlagshaus Gerd Mohn, Gütersloh 19912; ISBN 3-579-00780-7
Hans Küng, Heinz Bechert: Buddhismus; Gütersloher Verlagshaus Gerd Mohn, Gütersloh 19902; ISBN 3-579-00781-5
Bearbeiten Weblinks
Atman – The Soul Eternal; Hinduwebsite
Bearbeiten Quellen/Fußnoten
↑ Volker Zotz: Buddha; Rowohlt, Reinbek bei Hamburg 20016; ISBN 3-499-50477-4; S. ???
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http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/d9585956-501e-11e0-9ad1-00144feab49a.html
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http://www.examiner.com/reincarnation-in-seattle/caterpillar-of-consciousness?fb_comment=31064286
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