Sesterz von Gallienus
Der Sesterz (lat. sestertius) war Münze und Hauptrecheneinheit (monetär) in der römischen Republik und Kaiserzeit bis zum Kaiser Diocletian. Der Sesterz hatte ursprünglich den Wert von zweieinhalb As, daher die Bezeichnung „der dritte (As) halb“ = semis tertius (as) und das Zeichen IIS (II für 'zwei' + S für semis 'halb'). Daraus wurde HS. Ab etwa 130 v. Chr. galt er dann 4 Asse oder 2 Dupondien. Die Vermutung, dass hieraus wiederum das $-Zeichen entstanden sei, gilt als falsch. Größere Summen, wie 10 HS wurden z.B. als HSX (decem sestertii), 1000 HS als HSM (mille sestertii) oder 2000 HS als HSMM (duo mille sestertii) in schriftlichen Aufzeichnungen angegeben.
Der Sesterz tauchte erstmals im 3. Jahrhundert v. Chr. in der römischen Republik auf, wurde in dieser Zeit in Silber geschlagen und wog knapp über ein Gramm. Im 1. Jahrhundert v. Chr. wurde der Sesterz unter Julius Caesar erstmals in Bronze geschlagen und in großen Mengen ausgegeben.
Mit der Münzreform unter Augustus nahm der Sesterz seine endgültige Form an. Er wurde von da an aus Aurichalkum, einer messingähnlichen Kupfer-Zink-Legierung, geprägt, hatte einen Durchmesser von 27 bis 35 Millimetern und ein Gewicht von etwa 27,3 Gramm (eine Unze). Dieser Sesterz bestimmte die Münzwirtschaft für die nächsten zweihundert Jahre. Zwar nahmen Gewicht und Zinkanteil ständig ab, das Erscheinungsbild und die Wertigkeit der Münze blieben als Scheidemünze aber konstant.
Der Sesterz war auch die Buchwährung bis zur Münzreform des Kaisers Diocletian. So wurden öffentliche Ausgaben, bargeldlose Geschäfte und die Buchführung mit dem Sesterz als Recheneinheit durchgeführt. Wie die anderen Münzen der ersten beiden Jahrhunderte der Kaiserzeit fiel auch der Sesterz der Inflation zum Opfer, da der Materialwert den Nominalwert bald um ein Mehrfaches überstieg, zumal auch noch der Silbergehalt von Denar und Antoninian ständig sanken. Die letzte kurze Blüte erlebte der Sesterz unter dem Augustus des gallischen Sonderreichs Postumus, der in Köln geschlagene Doppelsesterze ausgab.
Die reguläre Produktion von Sesterzen wurde - wie auch die aller anderen Bronzemünzen - inflationsbedingt mit der Emission des Jahres 264 eingestellt, und zwar sowohl unter Kaiser Gallienus in Rom (Sear, Roman Coins and their Values III, S. 310 ff.) als auch unter Postumus im Gallischen Sonderreich (Sear, S. 373 ff.). Die letzten Bronzemünzen in vergleichbarer Größe wurden 269 in Köln (Sear, S.376, Nr.11106) und 275 in Rom (Sear, S.437, Nr. 116969) geprägt, wobei es sich dabei möglicherweise um nicht dem regulären Zahlungsverkehr dienende Sonderprägungen handelte.
Die größeren der zwischen 268 und 284 hergestellten Bronzemünzen werden in der Fachliteratur wegen ihres weit kleineren Formates teilweise als reduzierte Sesterze bezeichnet, könnten aber auch den Wert von Assen gehabt haben.
Inhaltsverzeichnis
1 Kaufkraft
2 Wertigkeiten (Kaiserzeit) bis etwa 200 n. Chr.
3 Literatur
4 Weblinks
Bearbeiten Kaufkraft
Eine einfache Hauptmahlzeit oder 0,55 l Wein kosteten unter Kaiser Augustus 2 Asse.
Ein normaler Sklave kostete zur gleichen Zeit etwa 500 Denar (= 2000 Sesterze) oder mehr.
Der Tageslohn des Legionärs war 10 Asse bis 1 Denar.
Der Tagesbedarf eines Arbeiters war 1 Denar (= 4 Sesterze).
Bearbeiten Wertigkeiten (Kaiserzeit) bis etwa 200 n. Chr.
Aureus (Gold) = 25 Denare (Silber)
Denar = 4 Sesterze (Messing)
Sesterz = 2 Dupondien (Messing)
Dupondius = 2 Asse (Kupfer/Bronze)
As = 2 Semisses (Messing)
Semis = 2 Quadrans (Kupfer/Bronze)
Bearbeiten Literatur
Peter Hardetert: Denar, Sesterz, As. Römische Münzen als Zeugen der Zeitgeschichte. Verein für Geschichte, Denkmal- und Landschaftspflege, Bad Ems 2009 (Bad Emser Hefte; 295).
Helmut Regler: Der Sesterz des Britannicus der Sammlung Niessen. In: Kölner Jahrbuch für Vor- und Frühgeschichte., Bd. 2 (1956), S. 43-46.
Volker Zedelius: Ein seltener Sesterz des Hadrian aus Nörvenich. In: Archäologie im Rheinland, 1988, S. 91-92.
Bearbeiten Weblinks
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